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Madonna of humility refers to artistic portrayals of the Virgin Mary which depict her as a Madonna sitting on the ground, or sitting upon a low cushion. She may be holding the Child Jesus in her lap.〔''Renaissance art: a topical dictionary'' by Irene Earls 1987 ISBN 0-313-24658-0 page 174〕 The term Virgin of humility is also used to refer to this style of depiction.〔''Rembrandt's faith'' by Shelley Karen Perlove, Larry Silver 2009 ISBN 0-271-03406-8 page 175〕 Upon the election of Pope Francis in 2013, Russian Orthodox Bishop Hilarion Alfeyev gifted an icon of Our Lady of Humility, which the Roman Pontiff accepted; then donated to Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI during their farewell meeting at Castel Gandolfo. ==History and development== Humility was a virtue extolled by Saint Francis of Assisi, and this style of image was a product of Franciscan piety, first developed by them for contemplation; the word humility, from the Latin ''humus'', meaning earth or ground.〔''A history of ideas and images in Italian art'' by James Hall 1983 ISBN 0-06-433317-5 page 223〕〔''Iconography of Christian Art'' by Gertrud Schiller 1971 ASIN: B0023VMZMA page 112〕 The earliest known painting of this type dates to 1346 and is at the ''Museo Nazionale'' in Palermo, Italy. It represents a Madonna seated on a small cushion just above the ground. The Child Jesus that she holds partially looks at the viewer. The painting bears the inscription ''Nostra Domina de Humiltate'',with the low cushion intended to express her humility. This painting in Palermo is, however, of a somewhat mediocre quality and was perhaps based on a work of Simone Martini. A similar painting in the Gemäldegalerie, Berlin,〔Cat. # 1072, "Follower of Lippo Memmi per the 1986 catalogue.〕 and both paintings were probably based on a Madonna of humility by Martini.〔''Painting in Florence and Siena after the Black Death'' by Millard Meiss 1979 ISBN 0-691-00312-2 pages 132-133〕 A Virgin of humility fresco by Simone Martini survives in the Palais des Papes in Avignon, France.〔''Provence, 4th'' by Dana Facaros, Michael Pauls 2004 ISBN 1-86011-175-0 page 94〕 An altar was dedicated to the Madonna of humility in the church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence in 1361.〔''Painting in Florence and Siena after the Black Death'' by Millard Meiss 1979 ISBN 0-691-00312-2 page 144〕 This style of painting spread quickly through Italy and by 1375 examples began to appear in Spain, France and Germany. It was the most popular among the styles of the early Trecento artistic period.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Madonna of humility」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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